Torreya nucifera (Bija, Japanese Nutmeg Tree, Japanese Torreya, Kaya, Nutmeg Yew)

Torreya nucifera (Bija, Japanese Nutmeg Tree, Japanese Torreya, Kaya, Nutmeg Yew) is a slow-growing, evergreen conifer native to southern Japan and Jeju Island in South Korea. In cultivation, it typically reaches 15–30 feet (4.5–9 meters) in height but can grow much taller in the wild, sometimes exceeding 75 feet (23 meters). The tree has a dense, pyramidal to broadly conical shape, with horizontal or slightly ascending branches that create a symmetrical, shade-providing canopy.  

The foliage consists of stiff, linear, dark green needles about 2–3 cm long, with sharply pointed tips and two pale bands underneath. When crushed, the leaves emit a strong, pungent odor. The bark is smooth and reddish on young trees, becoming brown and flaky as the tree matures. Japanese Torreya is slow to establish but is known for its exceptional longevity, with some specimens living for centuries.  

Reproductively, Torreya nucifera is mostly subdioecious, meaning individual trees usually have either male or female cones, though some may have both. The male cones are small and globular, while the female cones mature over 18–20 months into a single large seed encased in a fleshy green or purplish aril. These seeds are edible and oily, and the fruits are attractive to birds and mammals.  

In terms of habitat, Japanese Torreya prefers rich, moist, well-drained soils and thrives in partial to full shade, though it can tolerate some sun. It is hardy in USDA zones 6–9 and is generally resistant to pests and disease. The tree requires little maintenance and is valued for its durability and resilience.  

Japanese Torreya is prized both as an ornamental specimen and for its practical uses. Its durable, yellowish wood is used in fine woodworking, cabinetry, and carving, while the edible seeds are consumed in Japan and used for their oil. The tree’s dense foliage, longevity, and resistance to breakage make it a desirable choice for gardens, parks, and as a wildlife attractant.